Obesity is a growing problem worldwide and is associated with a range of comorbidities,
including cognitive dysfunction. In this review we will address the evidence that obesity and …

Leptin is the most critical hormone in the homeostatic regulation of energy balance among
those so far discovered. Leptin primarily acts on the neurons of the mediobasal part of …

Obesity and its associated metabolic and cardio-vascular disorders are among the most chal-
lenging health problems confronting developed countries. Not only is obesity remarkably …

When challenged with a variety of inflammatory threats, multiple systems across the body
undergo physiological responses to promote defense and survival. The constellation of …

Bacterially derived factors are implicated in the causation and persistence of obesity.
Ingestion of a high fat diet in rodents and obesity in human subjects is associated with …

Hippocampal microglia are vulnerable to the effects of aging, displaying a primed phenotype
and hyper-responsiveness to various stimuli. We have previously shown that short-term high …

Like many other organs, bone can act as an endocrine organ through the secretion of bone-
specific hormones or “osteokines.” At least two osteokines are implicated in the control of …

Metabolic endotoxemia contributes to low-grade inflammation in obesity, which causes
insulin resistance due to the activation of intracellular proinflammatory pathways, such as …

Appetite is the basis for obtaining food and maintaining normal metabolism. Toll-like
receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important receptor expressed in the brain that induces inflammatory …

The adipocyte product leptin is a pleiotropic adipokine and hormone, with a role extending
beyond appetite suppression and increased energy expenditure. This review summarizes …