Parkinson's disease (PD) is known for its motor alterations, but the importance of non-motor
symptoms (NMSs), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), is increasingly recognized. OD may …

Olfactory dysfunction is a prevalent non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD),
affecting approximately 65–90% of subjects. PD patients may also report odor perception in …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder imposing a severe
health and socioeconomic burden worldwide. Existing pharmacological approaches for …

Introduction: Olfactory impairment and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) are common non-
motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, often preceding the onset of the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with motor and non‐
motor symptoms. Diagnosis is complicated by lack of reliable biomarkers. To individuate …

Simple Summary Olfactory and cognitive disorders represent important non-motor symptoms
in Parkinson's disease. No clear evidence has been reported about the association of each …

Background Correct olfactory identification requires familiarity with the odor stimuli and is
culturally dependent. Existing smell identification tests (SIT) are not culturally specific and …

Simple Summary The aim of this study was to analyze the role of each factor of the olfactory
function as a predictor of cognitive impairment in relation to gender and age. Our results …

Volitional respiratory manoeuvres such as sniffing and apnoea play a key role in the active
olfactory exploration of the environment. Their impairment by neurodegenerative processes …

Background Hyposmia is a common nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) and
reportedly associated with dysautonomia in PD. The smell identification test for measuring …