Some cannabinoids activate the different isoforms of PPARs (α, β and γ), as shown through
the use of reporter gene assays, binding studies, selective antagonists and knockout …

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of two G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs), the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the two main endogenous lipid …

The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) regulates the reciprocal interaction between chronic
inflammatory bowel and psychiatric disorders. This interaction involves multiple pathways …

Various metabolic disorders are associated with changes in inflammatory tone. Among the
latest advances in the metabolism field, the discovery that gut microorganisms have a major …

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has emerged as a potential nutraceutical, because this
compound is naturally produced in many plant and animal food sources, as well as in cells …

Medicine continues to struggle in its approaches to numerous common subjective pain
syndromes that lack objective signs and remain treatment resistant. Foremost among these …

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA, N-hexadecanoylethanolamide) is an endogenous compound
belonging to the family of N-acylethanolamines. PEA has anti-inflammatory and analgesic …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of intestinal disorders with self-
destructive and chronic inflammation in the digestive tract, requiring long-term medications …

Background and Purpose Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) acts via several targets, including
cannabinoid CB 1 and CB2 receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid type‐1 (TRPV1) …

Opioids evoke analgesia through activation of opioid receptors (predominantly the μ opioid
receptor) in the central nervous system. Opioid receptors are abundant in multiple regions of …