1. Moths (L epidoptera) are the major nocturnal pollinators of flowers. However, their
importance and contribution to the provision of pollination ecosystem services may have …

Background Floral nectar is an important determinant of plant–pollinator interactions and an
integral component of pollination syndromes, suggesting it is under pollinator-mediated …

Directional evolutionary trends have long garnered interest because they suggest that
evolution can be predictable. However, the identification of the trends themselves and the …

In reward—producing animal—pollinated plants, small populations are likely to be less
attractive to pollinators than large populations. The likelihood of pollinator limitation of seed …

Alterations in water availability and drought events as predicted by climate change
scenarios will increasingly impact natural communities with effects already emerging at …

Mimicry is a classic example of adaptation through natural selection. The traditional focus of
mimicry research has been on defence in animals, but there is now also a highly-developed …

Can plants sense natural airborne sounds and respond to them rapidly? We show that
Oenothera drummondii flowers, exposed to playback sound of a flying bee or to synthetic …

Nectar robbers are birds, insects, or other flower visitors that remove nectar from flowers
through a hole pierced or bitten in the corolla. This paper is a review of the effects of nectar …

Immobility complicates mating by angiosperms because the transfer of male gametes
between individuals requires pollen vectors. Although abiotic and biotic vectors can …

Changes in flower-visiting insect populations or communities that result from human impacts
can be documented by measuring spatial or temporal trends, or by comparing abundance or …