Transmembrane proteins comprise~ 30% of the mammalian proteome, mediating
metabolism, signalling, transport and many other functions required for cellular life. The …

The lipid raft hypothesis postulates that lipid–lipid interactions can laterally organize
biological membranes into domains of distinct structures, compositions, and functions. This …

Microplastics and nanoplastics can accumulate in organisms after being ingested, be
transported in the food web, and ultimately threaten human health. An understanding of the …

Many enveloped viruses induce multinucleated cells (syncytia), reflective of membrane
fusion events caused by the same machinery that underlies viral entry. These syncytia are …

Cellular plasma membranes are laterally heterogeneous, featuring a variety of distinct
subcompartments that differ in their biophysical properties and composition. A large number …

Exosomes have great potential to be drug delivery vehicles due to their natural material
transportation properties, intrinsic long-term circulatory capability, and excellent …

During T cell activation, the transmembrane adaptor protein LAT (linker for activation of T
cells) forms biomolecular condensates with Grb2 and Sos1, facilitating signaling. LAT has …

Small-molecule fluorescent probes are attractive and versatile materials for studying
biological systems.(1-6) They can be easily loaded into cells and rapidly detect biological …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of
Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at …

Cell surface transmembrane receptors often form nanometer-to micrometer-scale clusters to
initiate signal transduction in response to environmental cues. Extracellular ligand …