In the early 1950s, Austin and Chang independently described the changes that are
required for the sperm to fertilize oocytes in vivo. These changes were originally grouped …

Mammalian sperm cells must respond to cues originating from along the female
reproductive tract and from the layers of the egg in order to complete their fertilization …

Mitochondrial export into the extracellular space is emerging as a fundamental cellular
process implicated in diverse physiological activities. Although a few studies have shed light …

Mammalian fertilization is a fascinating process that leads to the formation of a new
individual. Eggs and sperm are complex cells that must meet at the appropriate time and …

Calcium is an essential ion which regulates sperm motility, capacitation and the acrosome
reaction (AR), three processes necessary for successful fertilization. The AR enables the …

Redox regulation and oxidative stress have become areas of major interest in spermatology.
Alteration of redox homeostasis is recognized as a significant cause of male factor infertility …

Highlights•In vivo, a successful fertilization is dependent on sperm hyperactivated motility.•
Hyperactivation is triggered by a calcium influx into flagellum via sperm-specific calcium …

Mammalian sperm are stored in the epididymis in a dormant state. Upon ejaculation, they
must immediately start producing sufficient energy to maintain motility and support …

The Internet, magazine articles, and even biomedical journal articles, are full of cartoons of
spermatozoa that bear minimal resemblance to real spermatozoa, especially human …

The mammalian flagellum is a specific type of motile cilium required for sperm motility and
male fertility. Effective flagellar movement is dependent on axonemal function, which in turn …