The immune system plays a critical role in shaping all facets of cancer, from the early
initiation stage through to metastatic disease and resistance to therapy. Our understanding …

Cancer Stem Cells Cancers arise in tissues that can replicate and self-renew. Like normal
tissues, cancers can replenish themselves, grow, and metastasize because of stem cells that …

The pre-metastatic niche educated by primary tumor-derived elements contributes to cancer
metastasis. However, the role of host stromal cells in metastatic niche formation and organ …

Infiltration by immune cells is a hallmark of most forms of malignancy. In this context, tumor-
associated macrophages (TAMs) represent key regulators of the complex interplay between …

Human monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that
enhances innate immune responses. CD14 was first identified as a marker of monocytes to …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists demonstrate therapeutic promise as immunological
adjuvants for anticancer immunotherapy. To date, three TLR agonists have been approved …

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a lethal disease whose incidence is increasing.
Epidemiologic studies demonstrate an association between periodontitis and oral cancer …

The gut microbiota influences intestinal barrier integrity through mechanisms that are
incompletely understood. Here we show that the commensal microbiota weakens the …

CD47 is a cell surface molecule that inhibits phagocytosis of cells that express it by binding
to its receptor, SIRPα, on macrophages and other immune cells. CD47 is expressed at …

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and its downstream product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play a
key role in generation of the inflammatory microenvironment in tumor tissues. Gastric cancer …