▪ Abstract Molecular chaperones, including the heat-shock proteins (Hsps), are a ubiquitous
feature of cells in which these proteins cope with stress-induced denaturation of other …

Psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, and mealybugs are members of the suborder Sternorrhyncha
and share a common property, namely the utilization of plant sap as their food source. Each …

Host-beneficial endosymbioses, which are formed when a microorganism takes up
residence inside another cell and provides a fitness advantage to the host, have had a …

Many bacteria live only within animal cells and infect hosts through cytoplasmic inheritance.
These endosymbiotic lineages show distinctive population structure, with small population …

Mutualisms are of fundamental importance in all ecosystems but their very existence poses
a series of challenging evolutionary questions. Recently, the application of molecular …

The study of evolution at the molecular level has given the subject of evolutionary biology a
new significance. Phylogenetic'trees' of gene sequences are a powerful tool for recovering …

▪ Abstract Insect molecular systematics has undergone remarkable recent growth. Advances
in methods of data generation and analysis have led to the accumulation of large amounts of …

Interspecific mutualisms are widespread, but how they evolve is not clear. The Iterated
Prisoner's Dilemma is the main theoretical tool to study cooperation, but this model ignores …

Attempts to calibrate bacterial evolution have relied on the assumption that rates of
molecular sequence divergence in bacteria are similar to those of higher eukaryotes, or to …

In recent years, the use of molecular data to build phylogenetic trees and sophisticated
computer-aided techniques to analyze them have led to a revolution in the study of …