Importance Primary care clinicians find managing chronic pain challenging. Evidence of
long-term efficacy of opioids for chronic pain is limited. Opioid use is associated with serious …

Background: Increases in prescriptions of opioid medications for chronic pain have been
accompanied by increases in opioid overdoses, abuse, and other harms and uncertainty …

This guideline provides recommendations for clinicians providing pain care, including those
prescribing opioids, for outpatients aged≥ 18 years. It updates the CDC Guideline for …

Importance Harms and benefits of opioids for chronic noncancer pain remain unclear.
Objective To systematically review randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of opioids for chronic …

Background: A 2007 American College of Physicians guideline addressed pharmacologic
options for low back pain. New evidence and medications have now become available …

Back pain affects most adults, causes disability for some, and is a common reason for
seeking healthcare. In the United States, opioid prescription for low back pain has …

Importance Opioid analgesics are commonly used for low back pain, however, to our
knowledge there has been no systematic evaluation of the effect of opioid dose and use of …

BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain (NeP), redefined as pain caused by a lesion or a disease
of the somatosensory system, is a disabling condition that affects approximately two million …

Background This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in Issue
12, 2011. Phantom limb pain (PLP) is pain that arises in the missing limb after amputation …

Objective. To assess the efficacy of opioids in adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP).
Summary of Background Data. Opioids for CLBP has increased dramatically. However, the …