As a technique of producing fabric engineering scaffolds, three‐dimensional (3D) printing
has tremendous possibilities. 3D printing applications are restricted to a wide range of …

Skeletal muscles play important roles in critical body functions and their injury or disease
can lead to limitation of mobility and loss of independence. Current treatments result in …

Abstract The three‐dimensional (3D) multicellular platforms prepared by cells or
biomaterials have been widely applied in biomedical fields for the regeneration of complex …

Abstract 3D tissue models recapitulating human physiology are important for fundamental
biomedical research, and they hold promise to become a new tool in drug development. An …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive type of cancer with
an overall survival rate of less than 7-8%, emphasizing the need for novel effective …

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been
known to possess the features of the origin cell with nano size and have shown therapeutic …

The teeth are vertebrate-specific, highly specialized organs performing fundamental
functions of mastication and speech, the maintenance of which is crucial for orofacial …

Abnormal mechanical loading often leads to the progressive degradation of cartilage and
causes osteoarthritis (OA). Although multiple mechanoresponsive strategies based on …

Living materials bring together material science and biology to allow the engineering and
augmenting of living systems with novel functionalities. Bioprinting promises accurate …

Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques are commonly employed to investigate
biophysical and biochemical cellular responses. However, these culture methods, having …