Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→ 5′) GMP (cyclic
di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial …

Cellular levels of the second messenger cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP)
are determined by the antagonistic activities of diguanylate cyclases and specific …

Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that regulates diverse cellular processes
in bacteria, including motility, biofilm formation, cell-cell signaling, and host colonization …

An intracellular second messenger unique to bacteria, c‐di‐GMP, has gained appreciation
as a key player in adaptation and virulence strategies, such as biofilm formation …

Abstract c-di-GMP riboswitches are structured RNAs located in the 5′-untranslated regions
(5′-UTRs) of mRNAs that regulate expression of downstream genes in response to …

ABSTRACT Bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is an intracellular second
messenger that regulates adaptation processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and …

The signaling molecule cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) mediates physiological adaptation to
extracellular stimuli in a wide range of bacteria. The complex metabolic pathways governing …

Growing concerns exist regarding human ingestion of contaminated seafood that contains
Vibrio biofilms on microplastics (MPs). One of the mechanisms enhancing biofilm related …

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has been recognized as a
promising sewage treatment approach. Considering the susceptibility, it is meaningful to …

The bacterial second messengers (p) ppGpp and bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-
GMP) regulate important functions, such as transcription, virulence, biofilm formation, and …