The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

The study of animal emotion, as with its human equivalent, can be confusing due to the
complicated and inconsistent use of terminology, and the number of interlinked fields and …

Grimace scales have been used for pain assessment in different species. This study aimed
to develop and validate the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) to detect naturally-occurring acute …

Facial expressions in non-human animals are closely linked to their internal affective states,
with the majority of empirical work focusing on facial shape changes associated with pain …

Effective management of pain is critical to the improvement of animal welfare. For this to
happen, pain must be recognised and assessed in a variety of contexts. Pain is a complex …

Simple Summary Grimace scales for laboratory animals were first reported ten years ago.
Yet, despite their promise as pain assessment tools it appears that they have not been …

Facial expressions of pain have been identified in several animal species. The aim of this
systematic review was to provide evidence on the measurement properties of grimace …

This study aimed to evaluate the agreement and reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale
(FGS) among cat owners, veterinarians, veterinary students and nurses/technicians. Raters …

Simple Summary Facial activity can convey valid information about the experience of pain in
a horse. However, scoring of pain in horses based on facial activity is still in its infancy and …

Simple Summary In several species, facial expressions have been associated with positive
and negative emotions to communicate their mental state. In dogs, the interpretation of these …