Since its introduction almost 20 years ago, the tail suspension test has become one of the
most widely used models for assessing antidepressant-like activity in mice. The test is based …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic accumulation of evidence indicating that
the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in drug addiction and …

Anxiety and stress disorders are the most commonly occurring of all mental illnesses, and
current treatments are less than satisfactory. So, the discovery of novel approaches to treat …

Anxiety disorders are common, serious and a growing health problem worldwide. However,
the causative factors, aetiology and underlying mechanisms of anxiety disorders, as for most …

Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a
high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression …

Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery,
filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique …

Using a paradigm known as fear-potentiated startle, we have examined the neurobiological
substrates of Pavlovian fear conditioning. In these experiments, rats are trained to fear an …

Although glutamate is a simple molecule, its actions in the limbic system and areas
concerning anxiety are complex and widespread. These actions are mediated through …

Tianeptine is a clinically used antidepressant that has drawn much attention, because this
compound challenges traditional monoaminergic hypotheses of depression. It is now …