The pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been extensively
debated but is poorly understood despite a large number of hypotheses attempting to …

Objectives Craniofacial-and headache disorders are common co-morbid disorders. The aim
of this review is to provide an overview of the research discussing craniofacial pain …

Neuropathic pain (NP) can be challenging to treat effectively as analgesic pharmacotherapy
(MED) can reduce pain, but the majority of patients do not experience complete pain relief …

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a painful affliction of the face with frequent electric shock-like
pain limited to the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Several …

Background Photobiomodulation (PBM) has proven to be effective in different painful
conditions. Objectives To assess the effect of photobiomodulation for pain management in …

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a crucial role in the modulation of orofacial
pain, and we hypothesized that CGRP mediated a neuron-glia crosstalk in orofacial pain …

Background/Objectives: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) patients experience a reduction in
health-related quality of life and an increased intake of medication. Photobiomodulation with …

Burning mouth syndrome is a chronic condition, which is characterised by a burning
sensation or pain in the mucosa of the oral cavity. Treatment options include …

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been applied as a non-invasive technique for treating
temporomandibular joint symptoms, especially on painful condition's relief, however the anti …

Background Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic pain disorder that
significantly impairs patients' quality of life. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) uses infrared or …