Traditionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of flow using phase contrast (PC) methods
is accomplished using methods that resolve single‐directional flow in two spatial …

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important tool for the clinical evaluation
of patients with cardiovascular disease. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, 2 …

Atrial septal defects (ASDs) represent the most common congenital heart defect diagnosed
in adulthood. Although considered a simple defect, challenges in optimal diagnostic and …

Atrial septal defects are the third most common type of congenital heart disease. Included in
this group of malformations are several types of atrial communications that allow shunting of …

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has expanded its role in the diagnosis and
management of congenital heart disease (CHD) and acquired heart disease in pediatric …

Background Doppler echocardiography (echo) is the reference standard for blood flow
velocity analysis, and two-dimensional (2-D) phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging …

Objectives Left atrial (LA) 4-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used
to derive anatomic maps of LA stasis, peak velocity, and time-to-peak (TTP) velocity in …

Purpose With the hypothesis that 4D flow can be used in evaluation of cardiac shunts, we
seek to evaluate the multilevel and interreader reproducibility of measurements of the blood …

Multidimensional blood flow imaging with magnetic resonance has rapidly evolved over the
last decade. The technique, often referred to as 4-dimensional (4D) flow, can now reliably …

Imaging-based evaluation of cardiac structure and function remains paramount in the
diagnosis and monitoring of congenital heart disease in childhood. Accurate measurements …