C Horbez,
R Wade - Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 2020 - ams.org
A theorem of Farb and Handel [Publ. Math. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. 105 (2007), pp. 1–48]
asserts that for $ N\ge 4$, the natural inclusion from $\mathrm {Out}(F_N) $ into its abstract …