The experimental analysis of delay of reinforcement is considered from the perspective of
three questions that seem basic not only to understanding delay of reinforcement, but, also …

The concept of contingency is central to theoretical discussions of learned behavior and in
the application of learning research to problems of social significance. This paper reviews …

Discrete responses of experimentally naive, food-deprived White Carneaux pigeons (key
pecks) or Sprague-Dawley rats (bar or omnidirectional lever presses) initiated unsignaled …

Pigeons were trained on either a variable‐interval 60‐second schedule, or on a schedule
that differentially reinforced responses that were spaced at least 20 seconds apart. The birds …

Three pigeons responded on several tandem variable‐interval fixed‐time schedules in
which the value of the fixed‐time component was varied to assess the effects of different …

Contingency is a critical concept for theories of associative learning and the assignment of
credit problem in reinforcement learning. Measuring and manipulating it has, however, been …

Three experiments were conducted with pigeons to examine the role of the signal in delay‐
of‐reinforcement procedures. In the first, a blackout accompanying a period of nonrein …

We conducted a parametric analysis of response suppression associated with different
magnitudes of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR). Participants were 5 adults with severe or …

The chapters in this volume address the question of how delays, and intervening events
during delays, between operant responses and reinforcement affect the value of …

Four experiments examined the effects of delays to reinforcement on key peck sequences of
pigeons maintained under multiple schedules of contingencies that produced variable or …