Abstract In the Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls (VRPB), the customer set is
partitioned into linehaul customers who require deliveries, and backhaul customers who …

From airplanes to electric vehicles and trains, modern transportation systems require large
quantities of energy. These vast amounts of energy have to be produced somewhere …

The current global interest in improving the use of ever-scarcer natural resources calls for
the re-alignment of supply chain operations to include not only economic factors, but …

The vehicle routing problem with backhauls (VRPB) allows to integrate inbound and
outbound routes, which is an efficient strategy to reduce routing costs and also to reduce the …

Containers and packages contribute to about 28% of more than 292 million tons of
municipalsolid waste. Although a shift from single-use to reuse models seems inevitable for …

The time dependent vehicle routing problem with time windows (TDVRPTW) is considered.
A multi-type ant system (MTAS) algorithm hybridized with the ant colony system (ACS) and …

The vehicle routing problem with backhauls integrates decisions on product delivery with
decisions on the collection of returnable items. In this paper, we analyze a scenario in which …

Soft constraints are quite common in real-life applications. For example, in freight
transportation, the fleet size can be enlarged by outsourcing part of the distribution service …

The battery electric truck (BET) has emerged as a promising solution to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions in urban logistics, given the current strict environmental regulations. This …

Transportation and logistics (T&L) activities play a vital role in the development of many
businesses from different industries. With the increasing number of people living in urban …