Colonic drug delivery can facilitate access to unique therapeutic targets and has the
potential to enhance drug bioavailability whilst reducing off-target effects. Delivering drugs to …

The interaction between host and microorganism widely affects the immune and metabolic
status. Indole and its derivatives are metabolites produced by the metabolism of tryptophan …

Microbial communities and human cells, through a dynamic crosstalk, maintain a mutualistic
relationship that contributes to the maintenance of cellular metabolism and of the immune …

Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid primarily derived from the diet for use by the
host for protein synthesis. The intestinal tract is lined with cells, both host and microbial, that …

Indole and its derivatives are widespread across different life forms, functioning as signalling
molecules in prokaryotes and with more diverse roles in eukaryotes. A majority of indoles …

Background & Aims Fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel diseases
(IBDs). The pregnane X receptor (PXR)(encoded by NR1I2) suppresses intestinal …

We examined the effects of gut microbial catabolites of tryptophan on the aryl hydrocarbon
receptor (AhR). Using a reporter gene assay, we show that all studied catabolites are low …

The gut microbiome produces chemically diverse small molecules to interact with the host,
conveying signals from the gut to the whole system. The microbial metabolites feature …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the world.
Besides genetic causes, colonic inflammation is one of the major risk factors for CRC …

Human nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of forty-eight transcription factors that modulate
gene expression both spatially and temporally. Numerous biochemical, physiological, and …