This review aims at juxtaposing common versus distinct structural and functional strategies
that are applied by aptamers, riboswitches, and ribozymes/DNAzymes. Focusing on recently …

The past two decades have witnessed the emergence of macrocycles, including macrocyclic
peptides, as a promising yet underexploited class of de novo drug candidates. Both …

Genetic code reprogramming is a method for the reassignment of arbitrary codons from
proteinogenic amino acids to nonproteinogenic ones; thus, specific sequences of …

Here we describe a de novo tRNA acylation system, the flexizyme (Fx) system, for the
preparation of acyl tRNAs with nearly unlimited selection of amino and hydroxy acids and …

Studies of the fundamental nature of RNA catalysis and the potential mechanism of a shift
from the “RNA world” to proteinaceous life lead us to identify a set of ribozymes (flexizymes) …

DNA‐encoded library (DEL) technologies are transforming the drug discovery process,
enabling the identification of ligands at unprecedented speed and scale. DEL makes use of …

Ribosome-mediated polymerization of backbone-extended monomers into polypeptides is
challenging due to their poor compatibility with the translation apparatus, which evolved to …

Genetic code reprogramming has enabled us to ribosomally incorporate various
nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) into peptides in vitro. The repertoire of usable npAAs …

The initiation codon dictates that the translation initiation event exclusively begins with
methionine. We report here a new technology to reprogram the initiation event, where …

mRNA display is a powerful biological display platform for the directed evolution of proteins
and peptides. mRNA display libraries covalently link the displayed peptide or protein …