Learning Objectives Contrast the current strengths and limitations of the three main slide-
based techniques (IHC, FISH, and CISH) currently in clinical use for testing breast cancer …

A subset of eukaryotic transcription factors possesses the remarkable ability to reprogram
one type of cell into another. The transcription factors that reprogram cell fate are invariably …

Genomic analysis of tumours has led to the identification of hundreds of cancer genes on the
basis of the presence of mutations in protein-coding regions. By contrast, much less is …

Estrogen receptor-α (ER) is the key feature of most breast cancers and binding of ER to the
genome correlates with expression of the Forkhead protein FOXA1 (also called HNF3α) …

Breast cancers are comprised of molecularly distinct subtypes that may respond differently to
pathway-targeted therapies now under development. Collections of breast cancer cell lines …

Complex organisms require tissue-specific transcriptional programs, yet little is known about
how these are established. The transcription factor FoxA1 is thought to contribute to gene …

High androgen receptor (AR) level in primary tumour predicts increased prostate cancer‐
specific mortality. However, the mechanisms that regulate AR function in prostate cancer are …

Genomic analyses are yielding a host of new information on the multiple genetic
abnormalities associated with specific types of cancer. A comprehensive description of …

Evidence from numerous cancers suggests that increased aggressiveness is accompanied
by up-regulation of signaling pathways and acquisition of properties common to stem cells. It …

Rationale: The forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) is a crucial transcription factor in initiation and
development of breast, lung and prostate cancer. Previous studies about the FOXA1 …