Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures that possess diverse applications in
therapeutics, immunization, and diagnostics. With the recent advancements in biomedical …

Because vaccine development is a difficult process, this study reviews aspects of phages as
vaccine delivery vehicles through a literature search. The results demonstrated that because …

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is widely used to characterize the secondary structure
composition of proteins. To derive accurate and detailed structural information from the CD …

COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic and millions of deaths. It is imperative to develop
effective countermeasures against the causative viral agent, SARS-CoV-2 and its many …

Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies to control epidemics. With the deepening
of people's awareness of vaccination, there is a high demand for vaccination. Hence, a …

The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has provoked an urgent need for …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are viral structural protein that are noninfectious as they do not
contain viral genetic materials. They are safe and effective immune stimulators and play …

The emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants
made emerging novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) pandemic/endemic/or both more …

Abstract Background Virus-like particles (VLPs) are supramolecular structures composed of
multiple protein subunits and resemble natural virus particles in structure and size, making …

Electronic immunosensors are indispensable tools for diagnostics, particularly in scenarios
demanding immediate results. Conventionally, these sensors rely on the chemical …