Dopaminergic neurons projecting from the Substantia Nigra to the Striatum play a critical
role in motor functions while dopaminergic neurons originating in the Ventral Tegmental …

How does the brain guide our actions? This is a complex issue, where the medial prefrontal
cortex (mPFC) plays a crucial role. The mPFC is essential for cognitive flexibility and …

Appropriate processing of reward and aversive information is essential for survival. Although
a critical role of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in reward …

A role for glial cells in brain circuits controlling feeding has begun to be identified with
hypothalamic astrocyte signaling implicated in regulating energy homeostasis. The nucleus …

Despite growing evidence suggesting that spinal microglia play an important role in the
molecular mechanism underlying experimental neuropathic pain (NP) in male rodents …

Background: Reward processing is fundamental for animals to survive and reproduce. Many
studies have shown the importance of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT) …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most common mental illnesses. Serotonergic
(5-HT) neurons are central to the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD. Repeatedly …

Background Besides the established role of dopamine neurons and projections in
nociceptive stimuli, the involvement of ventral tegmental area (VTA) glutamatergic …

Background Inflammation can induce cognitive dysfunction in patients who undergo surgery.
Previous studies have demonstrated that both acute peripheral inflammation and …

Risk of relapse is a major challenge in the treatment of substance use disorders. Several
types of learning and memory mechanisms are involved in substance use and have …