Living organisms share the ability to grow various microstructures on their surface to achieve
functions. Here we present a force stamp method to grow microstructures on the surface of …

Hydrogels, which have polymer networks through supramolecular and reversible
interactions, exhibit various mechanical responsibilities to its surroundings. The influence of …

Hydrogels, which are intricate reticulated structures formed by the interaction of polymer
chains dispersed in an aqueous solution, have a wide range of biomedicine applications …

Hydrogels have a unique ability to retain moisture due to the three-dimensional (3D)
polymeric network. Both swelling capacity and swelling rate of hydrogels depend on the …

We performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on poly (ethylene glycol)(PEG)
hydrogels to microscopically confirm the recently discovered “negative energetic …

Hydrogels are widely used in biomedical applications and separation of biomolecules.
However, they either share limited biocompatibility or possess poor mechanical properties …

Although ionic hydrogels have been developed recently for innovative wearable electronics,
they necessitate high humidity to diffuse ions in water and fast self‐healing, which negatively …

The negative internal energetic contribution to the elastic modulus (negative energetic
elasticity) has been recently observed in polymer gels. This finding challenges the …

Recent experiments have established negative energetic elasticity, the negative contribution
of energy to the elastic modulus, as a universal property of polymer gels. To reveal the …

We consider a coarse-grained polymer model in order to investigate the origin of a recently
discovered negative energy-related contribution to the elastic modulus G (T) of rubber-like …