Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, are the pathogens that have the most intimate
relationship with their host, and as such, their genomes have been shaped directly by …

The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins (ie, 16), invariably establishing
cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade …

The transmembrane protein Tim-3 has been shown to negatively regulate T-cell-dependent
immune responses and was recently demonstrated to be associated with the phenomenon …

Initiation of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling involves phosphorylation of CD3
cytoplasmic tails by the tyrosine kinase Lck. How Lck is recruited to the TCR to initiate …

Proteins are undoubtedly some of the most essential molecules of life. While much is known
about many proteins, some aspects still remain mysterious. One particularly important …

Abstract The Na/K-ATPase was discovered by Skou in 1957. Since then, the efforts of
numerous investigators have led to the following conclusions:(a) This enzyme is indeed the …

Src-family kinases are modular signaling proteins involved in a diverse array of cellular
processes. All members of the Src family share the same domain organization, with modular …

Protein-protein interactions (PPI) are involved in virtually every cellular process and thus
represent an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. A significant number of protein …

Bone deficits are frequent in HIV-1–infected patients. We report here that osteoclasts, the
cells specialized in bone resorption, are infected by HIV-1 in vivo in humanized mice and ex …

HIV-1 Nef, which is required for the efficient onset of AIDS, enhances viral replication and
infectivity by exerting multiple effects on infected cells. Nef downregulates cell-surface MHC …