Planets form in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The disk molecular reservoirs and
their chemical evolution affect all aspects of planet formation, from the coagulation of dust …

Freeze-out of the gas-phase elements onto cold grains in dense interstellar and
circumstellar media builds up ice mantles consisting of molecules that are mostly formed in …

Icy grain mantles are the main reservoir of the volatile elements that link chemical processes
in dark, interstellar clouds with the formation of planets and the composition of their …

While dust disks around optically visible, Class II protostars are found to be vertically thin,
when and how dust settles to the midplane are unclear. As part of the Atacama Large …

Our Sun and planetary system were born about 4.5 billion years ago. How did this happen,
and what is the nature of our heritage from these early times? This review tries to address …

ABSTRACT Our modern day Solar System has 4.6× 109 yr of evolution behind it with just a
few relics of its birth conditions remaining. Comets are thought to be some of the most …

Context. The elemental depletion of interstellar sulfur from the gas phase has been a
recurring challenge for astrochemical models. Observations show that sulfur remains …

Since the discovery of the first extrasolar planet around a solartype star, 1 more than 900
such planets outside of our solar system have been detected by ground-and space-based …

1.1. Interstellar Clouds and Interstellar Chemistry A space between stars is not completely a
vacuum, but is filled up with interstellar gas, whose average number density of H nuclei in all …

Ices are the main carriers of volatiles in protoplanetary disks and are crucial to our
understanding of the protoplanetary disk chemistry that ultimately sets the organic …