Visual opsin genes expressed in the rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina are core
components of the visual sensory system of vertebrates. Here, we provide an overview of the …

Among vertebrates, teleost eye diversity exceeds that found in all other groups. Their
spectral sensitivities range from ultraviolet to red, and the number of visual pigments varies …

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a pervasive anthropogenic pollutant, emanating from urban
and suburban developments and reaching nearly all ecosystems from dense forests to …

Background Predicting phenotypes from genetic variation is foundational for fields as
diverse as bioengineering and global change biology, highlighting the importance of …

Anthropogenic stressors are causing widespread coral mortality, leading to loss of coral
cover and decreased structural complexity that threatens reef biodiversity, functioning, and …

Eyes have the flexibility to evolve to meet the ecological demands of their users. Relative to
camera-type eyes, the fundamental limits of optical diffraction in arthropod compound eyes …

Rhodopsin, the light-sensitive visual pigment expressed in rod photoreceptors, is
specialized for vision in dim-light environments. Aquatic environments are particularly …

Diel vertical migration (DVM) of marine animals represents one of the largest migrations on
our planet. Migrating fauna are subjected to a variety of light fields and environmental …

Light pollution is a pervasive global stressor to natural systems. However, due to the
proximity of human activities along the coasts and open ocean, light is a pervasive yet …

Red sensitivity is the exception rather than the norm in most animal groups. Among species
with red sensitivity, there is substantial variation in the peak wavelength sensitivity (λmax) of …