Arousal refers to changes in brain-body state underpinning motivated behavior but lacks a
proper definition and taxonomy. Neuroscience and psychology textbooks offer surprisingly …

Highlights•Arousal state fluctuates impacting brain and behavior.•Some fluctuations result
from norepinephrine signaling by the locus coeruleus.•Prior theories explain these as a …

The brain predicts regularities in sensory inputs at multiple complexity levels, with neuronal
mechanisms that remain elusive. Here, we monitored auditory cortex activity during the local …

The locus coeruleus (LC), as the primary source of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain, is
central to modulating cognitive and behavioral processes. This review synthesizes recent …

Subcortical nuclei of the ascending arousal system play an important role in regulating brain
and cognition. However, functional MRI of these nuclei in humans involves unique …

We experience surprise when reality conflicts with our expectations. When we encounter
such expectation violations in psychological tasks and daily life, are we experiencing …

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) offers a non‐invasive method to enhance
noradrenergic neurotransmission in the human brain, thereby increasing cognitive control …

INTRODUCTION Animal research has shown that tau pathology in the locus coeruleus (LC)
is associated with reduced norepinephrine signaling, lower projection density to the medial …

Subcortical arousal systems are known to play a key role in controlling sustained changes in
attention and conscious awareness. Recent studies indicate that these systems have a …

Recent work indicates that pupil-linked phasic arousal signals reduce the impact of prior
expectations and biases on decision formation. It has remained unclear whether phasic …