Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of two subunits, IL-23A (p19)
and IL-12/23B (p40), the latter shared with Interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-23 is mainly produced …

Since their discovery almost two decades ago, interleukin-17-producing CD4+ T cells (TH17
cells) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory …

INTRODUCTION Glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including astrocytes and
microglia, play critical roles in development, tissue repair, and homeostasis. However …

For decades, it was commonly accepted that the brain is secluded from peripheral immune
activity and is self-sufficient for its maintenance and repair. This simplistic perception was …

Oligodendrocyte pathology is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases as
oligodendrocytes both myelinate and provide metabolic support to axons. In multiple …

Abstract IL-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Targeting the effector cytokines IL-17 and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and pTreg cells, which share a common precursor cell (the
naïve CD4 T cell), require a common tumor growth factor (TGF)-β signal for initial …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …