BACKGROUND The extent of urban areas is increasing around the world, and most humans
now live in cities. Urbanization results in dramatic environmental change, including …

Urban ecosystems are rapidly expanding throughout the world, but how urban growth affects
the evolutionary ecology of species living in urban areas remains largely unknown. Urban …

Pollination is an essential component of plant reproduction that is transformed by the novel
environmental conditions in cities. We summarize patterns of urban plant reproduction and …

Urbanization often substantially influences animal movement and gene flow. However, few
studies to date have examined gene flow of the same species across multiple cities. In this …

Understanding the response of plant diversity to urbanization is essential for conserving
urban biodiversity. In this paper, a meta‐analysis of 34 articles and 163 observations …

Forest fragments are increasingly common in the tropics as pristine forests are cleared.
Fragments stranded within cities are especially stress-prone due to their greatly altered …

Forest fragmentation studies are now urgent due to increased rates of deforestation and
forest fires worldwide. In South America, the bee-pollinated Cariniana estrellensis is one of …

Worldwide, the significant fragmentation of tropical forests has resulted in the isolation of
tree populations; this in turn has affected genetic diversity due to increases in inbreeding …

Premise Pollen dispersal, the main component of overall plant gene flow, generally
decreases with increasing distance from the pollen source, but the pattern of this …

Gene flow studies provide information on gene exchange between populations, which is
essential for developing genetic conservation strategies. Such analyses enable a better …