The relationship between genotype and phenotype is not one to one. This statement is
central to our understanding of how natural selection shapes phenotypic evolution. Here, we …

The role of developmental instability (DI), as measured by fluctuating asymmetry (FA), in
evolutionary biology has been the focus of a wealth of research for more than half a century …

During human evolutionary history, there were “trade-offs” between expending time and
energy on child-rearing and mating, so both men and women evolved conditional mating …

In spite of a decade of furious activity and an increasingly bewildering array of analytical
methods, essential requirements for a robust study of fluctuating asymmetry have not …

An absence of genetic variance in traits under selection is perhaps the oldest explanation for
a limit to evolutionary change, but has also been the most easily dismissed. We review a …

Random and subtle deviations from bilateral symmetry (fluctuating asymmetry) have long
been of interest to biologists who wish to study the susceptibility of organisms to changes in …

Cichlid fishes are amazing creatures. In terms of sheer number of species, they are the most
successful of all families of vertebrate animals, and the extent and speed with which they …

Ecologists have always believed, at least to a certain extent, that physiological mechanisms
serve to underpin ecological patterns. However, their importance has traditionally been at …

There is growing evidence from both experimental and non-experimental studies that
fluctuating asymmetry does not consistently index stress or fitness. The widely held–yet …

▪ Abstract Variation in the subtle differences between right and left sides of bilateral
characters, or fluctuating asymmetry (FA), has long been considered to be primarily …