Researchers of cognitive load theory and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning have
identified several strategies to optimize instructional materials. In this review article we focus …

Multimedia pedagogical agents are on-screen characters that allow users to navigate or
learn in multimedia environments. Several agents' characteristics may moderate their …

Studies have shown that learners exposed to interesting and irrelevant information, known
as seductive details, do not perform as much as those who learned without seductive details …

Studies comparing the instructional effectiveness of dynamic versus static visualizations
have produced mixed results. In this work, we investigated whether gender imbalance in the …

There are basically two formats used in instructional visualizations, namely, static pictures
and dynamic visualizations (eg, animations and videos). Both can be engaging and fun for …

Interest in spatial ability has grown over the past few decades following the emergence of
correlational evidence associating spatial aptitude with educational performance in the …

An animation can have an informational advantage over a static picture by depicting
dynamic features. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the provision of …

Research on embodied cognition acknowledges that cognitive processing is tightly coupled
with bodily activities and the environment. An important implication for education is that …

Research shows that animations yield higher learning outcomes than static graphics when
learning hand-manipulative tasks such as knot tying. This study investigated whether this …

Objective The aim of this current paper is to investigate the salient embodiment features in
the empirical studies on technology‐enabled embodied learning environments (TEELEs) …