The innate immune system is the most ancestral and ubiquitous system of defence against
microbial infection. The microbial sensing proteins involved in innate immunity recognize …

Strict spatiotemporal control of trafficking events between organelles is critical for
maintaining homeostasis and directing cellular responses. This regulation is particularly …

Ras analog in brain (Rab) proteins are small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) that
belong to the Ras‐like GTPase superfamily, and they can regulate vesicle trafficking. Rab …

The Gram‐negative pathogen Salmonella enterica can survive and replicate within a variety
of mammalian cells. Regardless of the cell type, internalized bacteria survive and replicate …

Abstract Polymorphisms in NOD2 (CARD15) are associated with ileal and ileocolonic
Crohn's disease, increased mortality from graft-versus-host disease, and Blau syndrome …

Muropeptides are breakdown products of peptidoglycan (PGN) of Gram-negative and Gram-
positive bacteria. They are released during bacterial growth and division, as part of the host …

Although tremendous efforts have been made on targeted drug delivery systems, current
therapy outcomes still suffer from low circulating time and limited targeting efficiency. The …

Tuberculosis (TB) is responsible for nearly 1.4 million deaths globally every year and
continues to remain a serious threat to human health. The problem is further complicated by …

Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) bacteria isolated from Crohn's disease
patients are able to greatly replicate within macrophages without escaping from the …

Mammalian innate immunity stimulates antigen‐specific immune responses and acts to
control infection prior to the onset of adaptive immunity. Some bacterial pathogens replicate …