Implantation is the first step in human reproduction. Successful implantation depends on the
crosstalk between embryo and endometrium. Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is a …

The implantation of fertilized ova and the formation of the placenta are crucial steps in
reproduction. This review summarizes current information about these steps, including some …

The fetus is considered to be an allograft that, paradoxically, survives pregnancy despite the
laws of classical transplantation immunology. There is no direct contact of the mother with …

BACKGROUND Recurrent miscarriage and pre-eclampsia are common reproductive
disorders, but their causes are often unknown. Recent evidence has provided new insight …

The decidua has been known as maternal uterine tissue, which plays essential roles in
protecting the embryo from being attacked by maternal immune cells and provides …

In women, endometrial morphology and function undergo characteristic changes every
menstrual cycle. These changes are crucial for perpetuation of the species and are …

Maternal-fetal immune-tolerance occurs throughout the whole gestational trimester, thus a
mother can accept a genetically distinct fetus without immunological aggressive behavior …

Deep placentation in the human requires physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries
into uteroplacental vessels. This process involves the inner myometrial segment (junctional …

Human ES cells (hESC) exposed to bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) in the absence of
FGF2 have become widely used for studying trophoblast development, but the soundness of …

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily members are closely associated with tissue
remodelling events and reproductive processes. This review summarises the current state of …