Plants host a mesmerizing diversity of microbes inside and around their roots, known as the
microbiome. The microbiome is composed mostly of fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, and …

Plant roots interact with an enormous diversity of commensal, mutualistic, and pathogenic
microbes, which poses a big challenge to roots to distinguish beneficial microbes from …

Rhizobia are soil bacteria that can establish a symbiotic association with legumes. As a
result, plant nodules are formed on the roots of the host plants where rhizobia differentiate to …

Plant‐beneficial Pseudomonas spp. competitively colonize the rhizosphere and display
plant‐growth promotion and/or disease‐suppression activities. Some strains within the P …

Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii (S. fredii) is a rhizobial species exhibiting a remarkably broad
nodulation host-range. Thus, S. fredii is able to effectively nodulate dozens of different …

Numerous bacterial species associate with plants through commensal, mutualistic, or
parasitic association, affecting host physiology and health. The mechanism for such …

Bacteria can spread on surfaces to colonize new environments and access more resources.
Rhizobia, a group of α-and β-Proteobacteria, establish nitrogen-fixing symbioses with …

Pathogenic bacteria utilize type 3 secretion systems to inject type 3 effectors (T3Es) into host
cells, thereby subverting host defense reactions. Similarly, T3Es of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing …

Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 is a rhizobial soybean symbiont that exhibits an extremely
broad host-range. Flavonoids exuded by legume roots induce the expression of rhizobial …

Emerging pathogens of crops threaten food security and are increasingly problematic due to
intensive agriculture and high volumes of trade and transport in plants and plant products …