Tumors evade immune-mediated recognition through multiple mechanisms of immune
escape. On chronic tumor antigen exposure, T cells become dysfunctional/exhausted and …

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has become a major weapon in fighting cancer.
Antibody drugs, such as anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1, demonstrate obvious advantages such …

Immunotherapy with checkpoint blockade induces rapid and durable immune control of
cancer in some patients and has driven a monumental shift in cancer treatment. Neoantigen …

Therapeutic reinvigoration of tumor-specific T cells has greatly improved clinical outcome in
cancer. Nevertheless, many patients still do not achieve durable benefit. Recent evidence …

NK cells play important roles in innate defenses against viruses and in the control of tumor
growth and metastasis. The regulation/induction of NK cell function is mediated by an array …

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that show strong cytolytic function against
physiologically stressed cells such as tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK cells show a …

Simple Summary The tumor immune escape mechanisms are key factors in cancer
progression and metastasis. They are an undeniable hurdle for successful cancer treatment …

Co-inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, have an important role in regulating T
cell responses and have proven to be effective targets in the setting of chronic diseases …

Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the first line of defense against viruses and to the
control of tumor growth and metastasis spread. The discovery of HLA class I specific …

In cancer, T cells become dysfunctional owing to persistent antigen exposure. Dysfunctional
T cells are characterized by reduced proliferative capacity, decreased effector function, and …