Evolution of resistance by insect pests threatens the continued effectiveness of Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in sprays and transgenic crops. Fitness costs of Bt resistance occur …

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the
control of lepidopteran pests. However, the evolution of resistance in some insect pest …

With the aim of selecting potential botanical insecticides, seven plant extracts (Daphne
mucronata (Family: Thymelaeaceae), Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae), Calotropis procera …

Stress tolerance and adaptation to stress are known to facilitate species invasions. Many
invasive species are also pests and insecticides are used to control them, which could …

Many species of devastating insect pests have acquired a high degree of resistance to
insecticides in the field during the last few decades. Spodoptera exigua, for example, is the …

BACKGROUND The presence of fitness costs of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
insecticidal proteins in insect populations may delay or even reverse the local selection of …

The stimulation of biological processes by sublethal doses of insecticides or other stressors
is known as hormesis. Here, we have evaluated whether exposure to field-relevant or low …

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly
polyphagous pest which causes considerable economic losses to cotton and many …

Determination of the sublethal effects of pesticides on insects is a challenging topic because
of the vast number of different possible end points. Sublethal effects can manifest …

Rotation of insecticide modes of action is recommended to delay selection for insecticide
resistance. In this study, larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) were exposed …