As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority
of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. This …

Simple Summary Sports training may impact the variations of biomarkers in soccer players.
Twenty-five professional soccer players were assessed twice in the season for their …

Consumption of supplements and the use/abuse of drugs to support athletic performance is
increasingly growing. The aim of this paper is to approach the phenomenon by providing a …

The testosterone–cortisol ratio is a concept in human biology that refers to the balance
between testosterone, the main anabolic steroid, and cortisol, another steroid hormone. The …

The study aimed to investigate the correlations among immune, haematological,
endocrinological markers and fitness parameters, and assess if the physiological …

For the first time, an attempt was made to measure the stress level of professional volleyball
players using FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. Stress is an inevitable factor accompanying …

The objective of the study to determine the effects of graded exercise on the cytokines and
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), growth hormone (hGH), testosterone (T), and cortisol (C) …

There is very little about the impact that sports training has on female football referees.
Therefore, we determined the effects of a 40‐week physical preparation, including a full …

Introduction Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an anabolic hormone that may affect athletic
performance in female athletes, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is …

Monitoring internal load provides useful and non-invasive markers of training stress and
adaptation. However, the relationship between internal load measures across a competitive …