Clustering, one of the main types of unsupervised machine learning, consists of grouping
data into clusters to discover hidden patterns. Hence it is a crucial machine learning task …

This paper presents a reinforcement learning approach to address urban traffic congestion
with traffic light control optimization. The proposed system leverages Q-learning and Markov …

As traffic congestion is a known problem globally, including Malaysia, it is vital to investigate
the feasibility of optimizing the traffic light controls across multiple linked junctions. This …