All endocrine glands are susceptible to neoplastic growth, yet the health consequences of
these neoplasms differ between endocrine tissues. Pituitary neoplasms are highly prevalent …

The skin, which is comprised of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, is the
largest organ in the human body and it plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's …

The skin, a self-regulating protective barrier organ, is empowered with sensory and
computing capabilities to counteract the environmental stressors to maintain and restore …

Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This
multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose …

β-Endorphins are peptides that exert a wide variety of effects throughout the body. Produced
through the cleavage pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), β-endorphins are the primarily agonist …

Glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol and corticosterone-CORT) are the effector hormones of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis neuroendocrine system. CORT is a systemic …

Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are ancient, widespread signaling molecules that
underpin almost all brain functions. They constitute a broad ligand-receptor network, mainly …

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the archetypal polypeptide precursor of hormones and
neuropeptides. In this review, we examine the variability in the individual peptides produced …

CYP11A1, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, plays several key roles in the human
body. It catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, converting cholesterol to …

In many vertebrates, sex of offspring is determined by external environmental cues rather
than by sex chromosomes. In reptiles, for instance, temperature-dependent sex …