In recent years, 4D printing has allowed the rapid development of new concepts of
multifunctional/adaptive structures. The 4D printing technology makes it possible to generate …

Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) are being widely used in aerospace,
marine, automotive and healthcare applications due to their sustainability, low cost and …

Hygroscopic movement is widely observed in plant and is a self-shaping response that does
not require an external force or energy. It is interpreted as the adaptation capability of plants …

Abstract Four-dimensional printing (4DP) improves material efficiency while enhancing the
performance of the structure when subjected to external stimuli. Integrating stimulus …

As miscellaneous as the Plant Kingdom is, correspondingly diverse are the opportunities for
taking inspiration from plants for innovations in science and engineering. Especially in …

Extrusion-based 4D-printing, which is an emerging field within additive manufacturing, has
enabled the technical transfer of bioinspired self-shaping mechanisms by emulating the …

While 3D printing enables the customization and home fabrication of a wide range of
shapes, fabricating freeform thin-shells remains challenging. As layers misalign with the …

While there has been sustained interest in shape-changing materials and deployable
structures, many existing systems require engineering materials, precision fabrication, and …

Unlike animals, plants lack motion-generating systems such as a central nervous system or
muscles, but they have successfully developed mechanisms to sense and respond to …

Hygroscopic properties of wood have been utilized in adaptive façades to respond to
variation in humidity levels. Shape-shifting materials have been developed to replace …