The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of depression and stress-
related disorders remain unclear, but studies in depressed patients and rodent models are …

Abstract Treatment outcomes for major depressive disorder (MDD) need to be improved.
Presently, no clinically relevant tools have been established for stratifying subgroups or …

Volumetric reductions in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are among
the most well-documented neural abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD) …

Chronic pain, as a stress state, is one of the critical factors for determining depression, and
their coexistence tends to further aggravate the severity of both disorders. Unfortunately …

Depression is a common, devastating illness. Current pharmacotherapies help many
patients, but high rates of a partial response or no response, and the delayed onset of the …

Neural plasticity, a fundamental mechanism of neuronal adaptation, is disrupted in
depression. The changes in neural plasticity induced by stress and other negative stimuli …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness characterized by neuroanatomical
and functional alterations in limbic structures, notably the prefrontal cortex (PFC), that can be …

A number of factors (biogenic amine deficiency, genetic, environmental, immunologic,
endocrine factors and neurogenesis) have been identified as mechanisms which provide …

Environmental challenges are part of daily life for any individual. In fact, stress appears to be
increasingly present in our modern, and demanding, industrialized society. Virtually every …

We present a comprehensive overview of the neurobiology of unipolar major depression
and antidepressant drug action, integrating data from affective neuroscience, neuro-and …