Extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low frequency (VLF) observations have formed the
cornerstone of measurement and interpretation of effects of lightning discharges on the …

Abstract The Modular Multispectral Imaging Array (MMIA) is a suite of optical sensors
mounted on an external platform of the European Space Agency's Columbus Module on the …

In this introductory chapter we describe general properties of the Earth–ionosphere cavity,
outline the relationship of the global electromagnetic resonance to other natural low …

Lightning produces electromagnetic fields and waves in all frequency ranges. In the
extremely low frequency (ELF) range below 100 Hz, the global Schumann Resonances (SR) …

The paper reviews recent advances in studies of electric discharges in the stratosphere and
mesosphere above thunderstorms, and their effects on the atmosphere. The primary focus is …

Several processes acting below, in and above thunderstorms and in electrified shower
clouds drive upward currents which close through the global atmospheric electric circuit …

Sprites and halos in the mesosphere are produced electrostatically by lightning ground
flashes whose polarity is positive, by a margin of at least 1000 to 1 in collected observations …

During a thunderstorm on 23 July 2003, 15 sprites were captured by a LLTV camera
mounted at the observatory on Pic du Midi in the French Pyrénées. Simultaneous …

Research about thunder was mainly performed 20–30 years ago but has been renewed in
recent years due to new interest about infrasound in the framework of the verification of the …

Transient luminous events (TLEs) such as sprites, blue jets (BJs) and elves have been
studied intensively during the last three decades, and much is now known of their properties …