Approximately 100,000 primary and metastatic brain tumor patients/year in the US survive
long enough (> 6 months) to experience radiation-induced brain injury. Prior to 1970, the …

The brain is unique among organs in many respects, including its mechanisms of lipid
synthesis and energy production. The nervous system-specific metabolite N-acetylaspartate …

Inflammation is a hallmark of stroke pathology. The cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF),
interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, modulate tissue injury in experimental stroke and are therefore …

A variety of animal models have been developed for modeling ischemic stroke. The middle
cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model has been utilized extensively, especially in rodents …

The classic definition of the ischemic penumbra is a hypoperfused region in which
metabolism is impaired, but still sufficient to maintain cellular polarization. Perfusion-and …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and reactive
astrogliosis, which contribute to secondary tissue loss, impaired regeneration, and …

Considerable debate exists in the literature on how best to measure infarct damage and at
what point after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) infarct is histologically complete …

The pattern and role of brain plasticity in stroke recovery has been incompletely
characterized. Both ipsilesional and contralesional changes have been described, but it …

Metformin is currently the first‐line treatment drug for type 2 diabetes. Metformin is a well‐
known activator of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). In experimental studies, metformin …

The use of small animal models in basic and preclinical sciences constitutes an integral part
of testing new pharmaceutical agents prior to commercial translation to clinical practice …