Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacillus and resident of the normal intestinal
microbiota. However, some E. coli strains can cause diseases in humans, other mammals …

Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the
last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in …

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein, NOD2, belonging to the
intracellular NOD-like receptor family, detects conserved motifs in bacterial peptidoglycan …

Epithelial tissues cover most of the external and internal surfaces of the body and its organs.
Inevitably, these tissues serve as first line of defence against inorganic, organic, and …

Besides genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors, the intestinal microbiota is an
important factor in the etiology of Crohn's disease (CD). Among microbiota alterations, a …

Pathobiont expansion, such as that of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), is an
emerging factor associated with inflammatory bowel disease. The intestinal epithelial barrier …

The intestinal mucosal barrier is the first line to defense against luminal content penetration
and performs numerous biological functions. The intestinal epithelium contains a huge …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic nonspecific inflammation that mainly affects the mucosa
and submucosa of the rectum and colon. Numerous studies have shown that endoplasmic …

The discovery of numerous genetic variants in the human genome that are associated with
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has revealed critical pathways that play important roles in …

Background The initiating events of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation in Crohn's
disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are not well‐defined, but GI infections are …