In this article, I first provide an overview of the Neandertals by recounting their initial
discovery and subsequent interpretation by scientists and by discussing our current …

Indonesia harbors some of the oldest known surviving cave art. Previously, the earliest
dated rock art from this region was a figurative painting of a Sulawesi warty pig (Sus …

Aragonite is one of the metastable polymorphs of calcium carbonate and is commonly found
at archaeological sites in the form of mollusk shells and speleothems. Other occurrences …

Cueva de Ardales in Málaga, Spain, is one of the richest and best-preserved Paleolithic
painted caves of southwestern Europe, containing over a thousand graphic representations …

This paper argues that the origins of language can be detected one million years ago, if not
earlier, in the archaeological record of Homo erectus. This controversial claim is based on a …

Charcoal and micro-layers of soot trapped in speleothems from the inner galleries of Nerja
Cave were analysed through an interdisciplinary study. The absolute dating of the …

Paleolithic rock paintings are known from many parts of the world, including Africa, Australia,
Europe and Island Southeast Asia. However, no Paleolithic rock paintings have yet been …

The Cueva de Ardales is a hugely important Palaeolithic site in the south of the Iberian
Peninsula owing to its rich inventory of rock art. From 2011–2018, excavations were carried …

The emergence of the Middle Palaeolithic, and its variability over time and space are key
questions in the field of prehistoric archaeology. Many sites have been documented in the …

Abstract During the Middle Paleolithic in Eurasia, the production of deliberate, abstract
engraving on bone or stone materials is a rare phenomenon. It is now widely accepted that …