Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an MHC-antigenic peptide complex results in
changes at the molecular and cellular levels in T cells. The outside environmental cues are …

Ubiquitination has emerged as a crucial mechanism that regulates signal transduction in
diverse biological processes, including different aspects of immune functions. Ubiquitination …

▪ Abstract Src family protein tyrosine kinases are activated following engagement of many
different classes of cellular receptors and participate in signaling pathways that control a …

▪ Abstract Interleukin-4 is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation
of immune responses. Its effects depend upon binding to and signaling through a receptor …

ZAP-70 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in the events
involved in initiating T-cell responses by the antigen receptor. Here we review the structure …

Responses to extracellular stimuli are often transduced from cell-surface receptors to protein
tyrosine kinases which, when activated, initiate the formation of protein complexes that …

The c-Cbl protooncogene is a negative regulator for several receptor tyrosine kinases
(RTKs) through its ability to promote their polyubiquitination. Hence, uncoupling c-Cbl from …

The reversible phosphorylation of tyrosines in proteins plays a key role in regulating many
different processes in eukaryotic organisms, such as growth control, cell cycle control …

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) coordinate a broad spectrum of cellular responses to
extracellular stimuli and cell–cell interactions during development, tissue homeostasis, and …

Ubiquitination plays a central role in the regulation of various biological functions including
immune responses. Ubiquitination is induced by a cascade of enzymatic reactions by E1 …