Abstract Aim Our knowledge of Pleistocene refugia and post‐glacial recolonization routes of
forest understorey plants is still very limited. The geographical ranges of these species are …

Glacial refugia of alpine and subnival biota have been intensively studied in the European
Alps but the fate of forests and their understory species in that area remains largely unclear …

Deciduous forests form the dominant natural vegetation of Europe today, but were restricted
to small refugia during Pleistocene cold stages, implying an evolutionary past shaped by …

Introduction Quaternary glaciations, in particular the last glacial maximum (LGM), have
shaped the contemporary distribution of many species. In Europe, survival of temperate …

Salixlapponum is a cold-tolerant relict species in Europe that occurs in several sites,
probably reflecting previous migration routes of S. lapponum during the Pleistocene …

Quaternary climatic fluctuations changed the floristic composition of large areas and forced
biota to repeated movements following gradients of their ecological tolerance. Different and …

Hacquetia epipactis is an understorey species that develops leaves, flowers, and fruits
before the canopy layer closes. Its umbels are supported by green bracts. We examined the …

Allium sibiricum is one of the rarest plant species in the Sudetes and Carpathians. Inter
simple sequence repeat DNA (ISSR) and morphological analyses were conducted to study …

Background Swertia perennis (Gentianaceae) is a perennial diploid and clonal plant
species that is discontinuously distributed in peat bogs in the mountains of Europe, Asia and …

Parrotia persica (Hamamelidaceae) is a relict tree species restricted to the Hyrcanian district
of Iran and Azerbaijan. Parrotia had a wide Eurasian distribution before the Pleistocene …