Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease starting with the entry of monocytes into the
subendothelium and the subsequent differentiation into macrophages. Macrophages are the …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that attacks almost every
organ. The condition mostly happens to adults but is also found in children, and the latter …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases.
Although the progress made with current clinical use of biologic disease-modifying …

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases, which is
mainly characterized by lipid deposition and inflammatory response. Macrophages (MΦ), as …

Background Rheumatic diseases include a variety of autoimmune and autoinflammatory
conditions that are characterised by musculoskeletal involvement and systemic disease …

The macrophage is an essential part of the innate immune system and also serves as the
bridge between innate immunity and adaptive immune response. As the initiator and …

Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by
most cells for intracellular communication and transportation of biomolecules. EVs carry …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with abnormal
activation of the immune system. Recent attention is increasing about how aberrant lipid and …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disorder that leads to severe joint
deformities, negatively affecting the patient's quality of life. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease. Approximately one‐
third to two‐thirds of the patients with SLE progress to lupus nephritis (LN). The …