BACKGROUND Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropics have a profound influence on
the climate system. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is spawned in the tropical …

Abstract The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) strongly affects the climate of the Indo-Pacific.
Observations suggest a shift towards stronger and earlier positive IOD (pIOD) events …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause devastating impacts to marine life. Despite the
serious consequences of MHWs, our understanding of their drivers is largely based on …

Abstract Interactions among the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans through ocean–
atmosphere coupling can initiate and/or modulate climate variability. The Pacific Ocean is …

In early summer 2020, the Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall was markedly enhanced, triggering
devastating floods in Japan and central China. We examined the underlying processes …

The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these
anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on …

The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

There are large uncertainties looming over the status and fate of the South Asian summer
monsoon, with several studies debating whether the monsoon is weakening or …